How did European states govern themselves monarchs England kings were given power by `what` and maintained power through `group` what: god group: gentry officials Unlike England, France had what kind of power for the king absolute French leaders kept nobles at `place` so that they couldn't plot against them place: Versailles Noble landowning class in Russia boyars Ivan IV in Russia kept boyars in what place so they don't plot Moscow Conflicting forces in Russia church boyars royalty Peter the great was in `name` dynasty, established `structure`, and worked with `thing` at first before losing support name: Romanov structure: provinces thing: church Ottoman devshirme: young `religion` boys are given `thing` and integrated into `group` or `group2` religion: Christian thing: education group: military group2: bureaucracy Elite devshirme group to protect king Jannisaries After Mongols fell, Ming dynasty brought back `system` and established `thing` system: civil service exam thing: national school 3 daimyo unified Japan through gunpowder weapons Japan finally unified by person, who started shogunate Tokugawa Shogunate require daimyo to keep family in Tokyo Japan divided into 250 `thing` that is administered by `people` thing: hans people: daimyo `name`: Famous Mughal leader that made fair laws, put `people`s in charge of government and allowed them to keep some taxes name: Akbar people: zamindar Governments used what architecture to legitimize impressive structures `leader` like Mansa Musa in Songhai spread `thing` leader: Askia thing: Islam Mughal impressive structure Taj mahal Ottoman residence palace Topkapi Russia built `thing` according to Western designs and taxed `group` instead of land, leading to peasant oppresion thing: ships group: peasants Ottoman empire used `tax system`, where `group` collected taxes, which grew to use more taxes and brought down govt. tax system: tax farming group: 3rd party What groups took Tribute in addition to taxes china aztec songhai Major reason why native population died and Europeans could take over? disease What environmental thing reduced because of Columbian exchange? biodiversity What technology gave Europeans warfare advantage? firearms Major animals brought by Europeans pig horse Major foods brought back to Europe (huge pop. increase)? potato corn Major money products from Americas silver sugar tobacco What place did most slaves go South America African slaves mixed their language with Europeans to create `type` languages, common in `place` type: Creole place: Carribean What community thing did slaves use to survive music What environmental thing did Europeans cause in the Americas deforestation Largest change: integration of `area` into `thing` area: Europe thing: trade Atlantic system (aka `name`) led to major spread of `thing` and `idea` due to `thing2` name: Triangle Trade thing: disease idea: religion thing2: migration Change in European government to add what system? mercantilism Mercantilism brought what thing joint-stock companies New labor system chattel slavery In 1450 Europe changed from `old time period` period to `new time period` period old time period: medieval new time period: early modern Developments in Europe in 1450-1750: gutenberg press end of 100 year war end of plagues Ruler in Russia named `name` expanded to `place` to control `item` trade name: Ivan the terrible place: Volga item: fur Russia in between `place` and `place2` place: Europe place2: Asia Yuan Dynasty replaced by Ming Ming taken over, replaced by Qing Bad ruler in Qing dynasty Qianlong Qianlong killed people in Xinjiang, who were `religion` and made government `thing`, killed 100k peasants in `rebellion` religion: Muslim thing: corrupt rebellion: White Lotus What were Islamic, Turkic empires? Ottoman Safavid Mughal Who started short lasting but huge Islam empire in Samarkhand using gunpowder cannons Tamerlane What remains of Tamerlane's empire after he leaves Mughal Major conflict in 1450-1750 with Tamerlane Mongols v Arabs Eurasian Steppes birthplace of Ghazi ideal, which is `religion` and `type` life which mixes `type2` life religion: Islam type: warrior type2: nomad Constantinople became what in Ottoman empire Istanbul `leader` took over Constantinople with `weapon` and started Ottoman empire leader: Mehmed II weapon: cannons Peak ruler of Ottoman Suleiman I Ottoman Navy took control of? Tripoli Safavid empire didn't have Navy natural defense Safavid empire used what to take over gunpowder Leader of Safavid empire at height Shah abbas i Safavid religion Shia islam Safavid conflicted with `empire` because that empire was `type` islam empire: Ottoman type: sunni Ottoman empire blocked what for Safavid Trade Descendent of Tamerlane (Timur) named what made Mughal india Babur Gunpowder empires declined when Western Europe rose Europeans beat Ottoman in what navy battle, causing decline battle of lepanto Safavid fell because of what action by rulers Lavish lifestyle Why did Mughal decline corruption no money Mughal ended by British What were European governments motivated by religion gold European governments gained gold through `system`, where they maximize `maximize` and minimize `minimize` system: mercantilism maximize: selling minimize: buying What European state led the way in exploration Portugal Portugal took over through navy [labor, goods, place] slave trade indian ocean malacca Portugal tried to take over what place religion-wise china Portugal created what kind of empire trading post empire British focused on what place India Dutch focused on what place malacca Spanish focused on what place Phillipines Spanish made Americas possible by taking `thing` from `place` thing: silver place: Aztecs and Incas What place bought the silver Spain got china French took over what place while searching for Northwest passage to Asia Canada French didn't `action` so they had better relations with natives and their colonies grew `way` action: colonize way: slowly English realized they could became naval power when they destroyed spanish British settlement in Americas (around same time as Quebec) Jamestown Dutch created what colony in Hudson bay while trying to find Northwest Passage New Amsterdam New Amsterdam current name is `name` and it benefits from `thing` name: New York thing: river trade Traditional slavery name? chattel System of labor where people worked land to pay off their rent? indentured servitude African village `action`ed other vilages for `thing` and sold to Europeans for `product` action: raid thing: slaves product: firearms What did Japan ban and close all outside connection because of? christianity Why did Ming dynasty cut off trade and outside connection? undo yuan dynasty War between European states for control of the 5 continents Seven years war What did East India Company use to take over Mughal empire hindu-muslim conflict Spanish city built on Tenochtitlan? Mexico city Treaty that put line through Americas, Brazil under Portugal and all other under Spain? Tordesillas What Native American allied with the British against the French but realized that they should switch because British more of a threat? iriquois `name` system: Spanish system of converting natives into `thing` name: Encomienda thing: serfs What is the system in which Conquistadores grow crops on land given to them as a reward Hacienda Incan Mit'a (labor) system used for what (dangerous) task? silver mining Slaves taken from home to `place`, put into `building` for storage, then sent over Atlantic journey known as `journey` place: coast building: barracoon journey: middle passage Smaller scale slave trade than Trans-Atlantic slave trade occured in `place`, but slaves had equivalent oppurtunity to `people` laborers place: indian ocean trade routes people: free Commercial Revolution: `type`-based economy with `materials` type: Trade materials: gold & silver Joint-stock companies: `group` invests in maritime ventures group: middle class Successful joint-stock company and trade middlemen Dutch Triangle trade segments: `1` (bring `1 product`), `2` (bring `2 product`), `3` (bring `3 products`) 1: West Africa 1 product: firearms 2: Americas 2 product: slaves 3: Europe 3 products: sugar and tobacco What group destroyed Songhai with firearms? morocco Groups that took over songhai Spain Portugal Slavery decreased what in Africa? population growth sufficiency Slavery increased what in Africa? firearms warfare Europeans replaced what of areas they conqered (unlike land-based empires)? culture social structure Africa & Americas did what to European customs syncretism Matamba: African state in `place` that protested against `group` place: Angola group: Portugese In 14th and 15th city, `group` power reduced and `group2` power increased group: government group2: nobility While Western Europe serfs got free, Russian serfs? increased Peasant revolt which led Catherine the great to oppress peasants more and support nobles more to stop future revolts? pugachev rebellion Mughals internally taken down by what empire before British took over maratha empire Revolt by indigenous in New Mexico against Spanish pueblo revolt Slave rebellions in Carribean (against british conquering spanish) Maroon wars Major effort of Indigenous to remove people from New England metacom's war Revolution in which Catholic leader of Britain replaced by protestants (who prevented catholics from ruling ever again) bloodless revolution Roman Catholic Church problem corruption Church power reduced when what place captured papacy (Pope job)? french German Person that taught women that they could also have god, and paying money to church doesn't free of sins, starting his own section of Christianity: `person`, nails problems to church door in document called `name` person: Martin Luther name: 95 theses French branch of Christianity that ran cities with church people huguenots Group in England (and later Boston) that wanted to remove Catholicism from English church puritans England branch: `name`, started because `person` refused to change marriage over fears of Holy Roman Empire name: Anglicanism person: Pope `group`: Catholic people that root out nonbelievers, used to fight against Protestant group: Inquisition `group`: Catholic people that did missionary activity (Spain, Japan, etc.) to fight against Protestants group: Jesuits `group`: Correct church abuses group: Council of trent Spanish Armada tried to conquer England (and lost to navy) because? England was protestant Document that allows huguenots and catholics to live in peace (conflict when removed) Edict of nantes Final religious conflict between Catholics & Protestants thirty years war After end of thirty years war, `thing` local rulers choose religion thing: Holy Roman Empire Prussia is part of where Germany Prussia developed what to prevent the looting that happened during the thirty years war strong military Ottoman law code shariah Safavid Islam shi'a Ottoman Islam sunni Mughal leader that promotes religious tolerance, allows Sikhism and eases Muslim/Hindu Akbar Europe scientific (instead of religious) thinking during renaissance because of religious schisms People went exploring because of what laws? primogeniture `name`: Device that helps sailors go in correct direction, invented in `place` name: Magnetic Compass place: China `person` helped Europeans know depth of tide due to advances in `field` person: Newton field: gravity `name`: Steering mechanims, invented in `place` name: Rudder place: China `name`: Device that tells distance from equator (improved by `group`) name: Astrolabe group: Islam `name`: Device that allows turning against the wind, from `group` name: Lateen sail group: Islam Field that improved, allowing sailors to figure out where they were better Cartography `name`: Thing that helped Europeans conquered, invented in `place` name: Gunpowder place: China `name`: Light type of boat invented by `place` name: caravel place: Portugal