Rules that A=T and C=G chargaff's rules Person that takes x-ray diffraction pictures without proper citations from watson and crick, controversial rosalind franklin Pyrimidines cytosine thymine uracil Purines adenine guanine Which type of base has double ring purines Components of nucleotide nitrogenous base ribose phosphate group Bonds in DNA backbone covalent Bonds between bases (complementary base pairing means lengths equal) hydrogen Process in which DNA copied to DNA replication Process in which DNA converted to RNA transcription Process in which RNA converted to proteins translation People that discovered DNA shape Watson Crick (Correct) method of replication predicted by Watson and Crick, where each strand after replication has one parent strand and one new strand semiconservative Model of replication where one completely old strand and one completely new strand conservative model Model of replication where each strand is a mix of old and new dispersive model When DNA created in heavy nitrogen and then replicated in light nitrogen, what were layers after two generations (confirms semiconservative) medium light Where does replication begin (bubble goes both ways from here) origin of replication Ends of replication "bubble" called replication fork Enzyme that splits apart DNA helicase Protein that stops split strand of DNA from binding back to the other one single-strand binding Protein Protein that stops strain by untwisting topoisomerase Which side of ribose is 5' phosphate group Thing that starts strand of DNA RNA primer What enzyme makes RNA primer primase Enzyme that elongates the RNA primer with DNA DNA Polymerase Direction DNA goes into DNA Polymerase 3' to 5' Direction DNA is assembled 5' to 3' Since DNA can only go one way at origin of replication what is on other half of bubble Okazaki fragments Strand with Okazaki fragments lagging strand What are gaps in lagging strand joined with DNA ligase End of chromosomes that are necessary due to RNA primers telomeres Enzyme that makes telomeres longer in bacteria, gametes telomerase What does PCR stand for polymerase chain reaction First stage of PCR in which strands are separated with heat denaturation Second stage of PCR in which strands are cooled to allow primers to form on edges of target sequence annealing Third stage of PCR in which DNA polymerase adds nucleotides extension Polymerase used in DNA that greatly speeds it up due to its ability to handle the heat of annealing Taq polymerase Process that contains transcription and translation (genotype -> phenotype) gene expression Pairing rules in DNA: G with `1` and A with `2` and C with `3` and T with `4` 1: C 2: T 3: G 4: A Site of translation ribosomes Result of transcription messenger RNA DNA strand used for RNA template strand DNA strand used as backup coding strand Enzyme that does transcription RNA polymerase DNA sequence that RNA polymerase attaches to promoter DNA sequence that promotes transcription TATA Box End of RNA transcription polyadenylation sequence Reading frame of 3 bases called what codon Thing that attaches with amino acid and complements codons tRNA RNA in ribosomes rRNA Part of tRNA that pairs with codon anticodon Enzyme that attaches amino acid to tRNA aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Site in ribosome that holds next amino acid A Site Site in ribosome that has chain of amino acids connecting P site Site in ribosome where tRNA comes out E site Order of sites in ribosome EPA WHich end of amino acid connects to tRNA carboxyl end Stage of translation that brings together a tRNA and first amino acid with small and large ribosomal subunits initiation Proteins that do initiation (help find start codon, bring first tRNA and ribosomal subunits, etc.) initiation factors Steps of `second stage of translation`: `1`, `2`, `3` second stage of translation: elongation 1: codon recognition 2: peptide bond formation 3: translocation Last stage of translation termination Molecule used for splitting the ribosome GTP Proteins destined for being exported have what, signalling ribosome to attach to Rough ER signal peptide Particle that binds to signal peptide SRP Complementary bases for RNA: A with `1` and T with `2` 1: U 2: A Start of an operon has `1`, then `2` 1: promoter 2: operator When trp is present, bacteria don't synthesize because it binds to operator segment because Trp is `thing`, and this is `kind` regulation thing: repressor kind: negative When CAP binds to promotor region of operon after cAMP rises due to lack of glucose, `thing` happens more, so this is `kind` regulator thing: RNA polymerase binding kind: activator When CAP is necessary to make lactose but lactose also removes a repressor, what kind of regulation is it induced regulation Islands in DNA that can be methylated to make it less neggatively charged so it doesn't stick to histones as much CpG What can be added to histones to make them stick to DNA less Acetyl What is necessary for transcription and can be regulated in eukaryotic cells transcription factors What is the number of ways to regulate gene proportional to length of promotor region When bound to the DNA with transcription factors what happens to RNA polymerase, allowing it to perform transcription phosphorylation Things that increase transcription: `increase`, things that reduce transcription: `reduce` increase: enhancer reduce: repressor Regions of rna that code for proteins exon Regions of rna that are spliced intron In what cycle does virus inject its DNA into bacterial chromosome and have it reproduce it lysogenic In what cycle does viral DNA leave bacterial chromosome and create more viruses lytic Virus is called `virus`, bacteria with viral DNA is called `bacteria` virus: phage bacteria: prophage