Segment of DNA located along chromosome, heritable and influences characteristics
Gene

Changes in genetic material
mutation

Change in one nucleotide
Point mutation

Mutation where nucleotide replaced
substitution

Mutation in which nothing happens
silent

Mutation in which one amino acid changed
missense

Mutation in which amino acid changed to stop codon
nonsense mutation

Addition of nucleotide
insertion

Removal of nucleotide
deletion

Insertion/deletion mutation altering the rest of the protein
frameshift

Thing that causes mutations
mutagen

State where both copies are the same (for sickle cell it leads to disease)
homozygous

State where different copies (leads to advantage for sickle cell against malaria)
heterozygous

Different version of a gene, couple bases different
allele

Position of gene on chromosome
locus

Study of all genetic info
genomics

Study of all protein info
proteomics

Application of computing to genetics
bioinformatics

Sections of DNA that code for proteins
exons

Sections of DNA that don't code for anything
introns

Repeating sequence of short DNA sequence (normally long gets repeated): `name`(`abbr`)
name: short tandem repeat
abbr: STR

What percent of genetic material is used for proteins
2

Selection in which multiple alleles kept in population to maintain heterozygotes (e.g. bitter taste perception, sickle cell anemia)
balancing selection