What happens to red blood cells as they mature lose their nucleus Process where prokaryotes split into two binary fission Scale of electron microscope 0.25nm Scale of light microscope 0.25um Small membrane-enclosed transport in eukaryote vesicle Tree-like structure that produces macromolecules smooth er Circular layers around nucleus used to make things to be secreted studded with ribosomes rough er What is in gaps of rough er unbound ribosomes Set of membranes that is like a C pointing towards plasma membrane golgi apparatus Part of golgi apparatus pointing to rough er Cis Part of golgi apparatus pointing to plasma membrane trans Organelle with a bunch of lines through it parallel mitochondria Organelle that looks sort of like muscle inside chloroplast Dark part in nucleus nucleoli Pointy rough things on cell fibrillae Tail of cell flagella Thick part around cell cell wall Blocky cells are from what plant Irregular cells w/out cell wall are what animal Size of bacteria cell <5um Size of eukaryote >10um Big watery area inside plant cell central vacuole Things to label cell wall plasma membrane nucleus organelles Domains of bacteria bacteria archaea Eukaryote that isnt animal or plant protist Inside liquid of cell cytosol Structure and movement of cell comes from what cytoskeleton Porous double membrane surrounding dna in eukaryote Nuclear envelope System including nuclear envelope, golgi apparatus, ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, etc. (membranes inside cell) endomembrane System Process in which things are sorted and mature inside golgi apparatus cisternal maturation Vesicle that fuses with food vacuoles made in phagocytosis to digest lysosome Plant organelles that contain chloroplast plastids Organelle that produces hydrogen peroxide and turns it to water to do reactions (e.g. liver) peroxisomes Shapes of bacteria cell rod capsule sphere What do both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have ribosomes Type of ribosome in mitochondria/chloroplast/archaea 70S Type of ribosome in eukaryote 80S Lines in mitochondria cristae Pores in nuclear envelope nuclear pores Model for cell where proteins can move around within phospholipid bilayer fluid mosaic Nonpolar part of phospholipid fatty acids Polar parts of phospholipid glycerol phosphate group Type of molecule that diffuses quickly across membrane small Nonpolar Type of molecule that diffuses slowly/doesn't diffuse polar large Sodium potassium ion pump uses ATP to bring in `in` and put out `out` to create voltage in: potassium out: sodium Protein that transports molecules in an out in cell membrane transport protein Enzymes in cell wall that do things Enzymatic activity Protein in cell wall that detects signal molecule and sends it inside the cell signal transduction Protein in cell wall that has molecule sticking off for identification glycoprotein Proteins in cell wall that join to other cells intercellular joining Protein in cell wall that do structure connect to what extracellular matrix cytoskeleton When more kinks in phospholipids what happens to fluidity increases What does cholestorol do to fluidity at low temp increase What does cholestorl do to fluidity at high temp decrease Protein that goes through the membrane transmembrane protein Protein that is on the side of the membrane peripheral protein Molecules that have hydrophobic and hydrophilic side amphipathic Movement of water from low solute to high solute osmosis Solution names for osmosis: `higher solute`, `same solute`, `lower solute` higher solute: hypertonic same solute: isotonic lower solute: hypotonic Diffusion in which molecules just cross the membrane simple Diffusion Diffusion in which molecules passively cross through transport protein facilitated diffusion Diffusion in which ATP is required to move it active transport Protein with hole for ions to go through channel protein Protein that changes shape passively to bring things through carrier protein Process where cell wall encapsulates a large amount of things and brings it in using ATP endocytosis Process where golgi makes a phospholipid-encased set of things that then join with the cell wall, allowing proteins to go in cell wall and things to be secreted exocytosis Charge across membrane (created by K-Na pump) membrane potential Where cell eats, bringing in large protein or molecule phagocytosis Where cell drinks, bringing in ions and other solutes pinocytosis Where receptors bind to molecules and bring them into the cell receptor-mediated endocytosis Transport where hydrogen ion pumped out and then hydrogen goes in with glucose against glucoses' gradient cotransport Main electrogenic pump of plants proton pump How plant cell is supposed to be where it has high pressure and in hypotonic solution turgid How cell is in isotonic solution flaccid What cell undergoes in hypertonic solution plasmolysis Thing that solutes go down concentration gradient Evidence that cells come from prokaryotes Plasmids Double membrane Divide Ribosomes Old idea in which living things like bacteria come from nonliving matter (e.g. rotting meat) spontaneous generation What came before cells vesicles Process in which cell engulfs mitochondria/plastids and they are mutually beneficial endosymbiosis Three steps in cell signalling: `1`, `2`, `3` 1: reception 2: transduction 3: response What is signal molecule called ligand Where do steroids go into for signalling (not plasma membrane) cytoplasm Types of receptors G protein-coupled receptor tyrosine kinase What does kinase do to protein phosphorylation Common secondary messengers Ca2+ IP3 What is cell theory all life comes from cells cells have one nucleus 7 functions of life nutrition metabolism growth response excretion homeostasis reproduction Emergent properties: higher `a` leads to `b` a: organization level b: complex behavior Example of emergent properties muscle cells vs heart neurons vs brain Weird feature about muscle cells multiple nucleoli Process in which stem cells become specific differentiation Name diseases where stem cells can solve leukemia stargardt's disease Stem cells that can do anything pluripotent Stem cells somewhat specialized in adults that can only do some specific things (e.g. make blood) hematopoietic Stem cells from babies embryonic Stem cells from adults somatic Critical feature about cells SA:V Ratio Chromosomes in eukaryotes are what chromatins Nonreproductive cells are called what (human nonreproductive cells have 46 chromosomes) somatic cells Duplicated chromosome has two of what sister chromatid Place where is attached centerpoint of cross in X centromere Division of nucleus is called what mitosis Division of cytoplasm is called what cytokinesis Phase where cell is performing function and preparing for mitosis (90% of time) interphase Phases of mitosis: `1` (`1 viz`), `2` (`2 viz`), `3` (`3 viz`), `4` (`4 viz`), `5` (`5 viz`) 1: prophase 1 viz: condensed dna 2: prometaphase 2 viz: chromosome shape starts 3: metaphase 3 viz: chrosomes in center 4: anaphase 4 viz: mitotic spindle contracts 5: telophase 5 viz: nucleus divides What happens at the same time as telophase cytokinesis Cell division of bacteria is what binary fission In animals and bacteria how do they split (where ring of microfilaments contracts, splitting cell into two) cleavage In plants how do cells split golgi apparatus deposits vesicles to make cell wall In binary fission where does copying of dna happen and cell split origin of replication Phases in interphase: `first`, `second` (`second job`), `third` (`third job`) first: G1 second: S second job: duplicate dna and organelles third: G2 third job: prepare mitotic spindle Proteins that create "checkpoints" at each stage cyclins What do cyclins do at checkpoints bind with enzymes What happens if cell doesnt go through G1 checkpoint stage G0 Proteins released by other cells to stimulate cell division growth factor What stops crowded cells from dividing (not present in cancer) density-dependent inhibition What stops cells from dividing if they are not anchored (also not present in cancer) anchorage dependence Process in which cancer cells go through blood to other parts of body metastasis What happens in malignant tumor that doesnt happen in benign tumor metastasis Genes that normally stimulate normal cell growth but are altered in viruses, causing cancer oncogenes Genes that stop uncontrolled cell growth tumor-suppressor Genes How does cancer develop 6 stages of genetic changes Percent of cells in mitosis in a sample called mitotic index