How many chromosomes do bacteria have 1 What shape is the bacterial chromosome squiggly loop Small DNA molecules in bacteria that replicate separately and can exchange traits plasmids Shape of Eukaryotic DNA linear Region of the cell where bacterial DNA is nucleoid Complex of DNA and protein in eukaryotic cells chromatin Protein responsible for first level of DNA packing histones Second level of DNA packing nucleosomes Condensed chromatin: `condensed`, not condensed chromatin: `not condensed` condensed: heterochromatin not condensed: euchromatin One X one Y is what gender male Gene associated with gender sex-linked gene What is it called when homologous chromosomes do not separate normally in meiosis non-disjunction What does non-disjunction lead to in the gametes (in terms of n) n+1 n-1 Condition in which organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes (n, 2, 3, 4) polyploidy triploidy tetraploidy diploidy Down syndrome is caused by `n` of chromosome 21, related to `factor` n: 3 factor: age of mother What is a karyogram all chromosomes in person In human how many chromosomes are there in regular cell (`2n` chromsomes) - `2n name`, how many unique chromosomes are there (there is one from each parent): `n` - `n name` 2n: 46 2n name: diploid n: 23 n name: haploid Transmission of traits from one generation to the next heredity Differences between offspring and parents variation Study of heredity and variation genetics Reproductive haploid cells gametes Chromosomes that are same but from different parents homologous chromosomes Union of gametes fertilization What is fertilized egg called zygote Process where haploid gametes made meiosis In Meisosis I, `I` separate, in Meisosis II `II` separates I: homologous chromosomes II: sister chromatids In `phase` of miosis, homologous chromosomes do `thing` where they switch up their genes phase: prophase I thing: crossing over What are formed when chromosomes cross over at the intersection points chiasmata Phase of meiosis where the crossed over chromosomes are pulled apart anaphase I Process in which chromosomes cross over synapsis What are crossed over homologous pairs called homologs Only difference between meisosis II and mitosis haploid instead of diploid In `process`, fluid is taken from `place` to make karyotype process: amniocentesis place: amniotic fluid What is it called when any non-disjunction events happen aneuploidy Chromosomes not related to sex autosomes Other place to get cells to make karyotype chorionic villi Place on chromosome where sister chromatids attach centromere Sources of variation sperm egg match synapsis independent assortment What are recombinant chromosomes chromosomes after synapsis