Photoelectric effect Shining light on metal releases electrons Energy to remove electron from atom Binding Energy High frequencies of light used in photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray uv What is measured in photoelectron spectro KE of electron number of electrons What does photoelectron effectively measure, allowing it to find binding energy binding energy Graph on photoelectron spectro PES graph What element is this PES graph (hint: go from 1s2 2s2 2p6 etc.) Al Type of material used for PE Spectro metal Where do you start counting in PE spectro wherever x axis is highest What happens to peaks when more protons in PE Spectro Shifts left Binding energy equation (BE = ) in PE spectro hv - KE In IR spectro what do the peaks represent functional groups Where to go to identify peaks Page 25 of booklet In mass spectrometry, to prepare `do a`, then, `do this to` molecules, finally, accelerate with magnetic field and `do this` do a: vaporize do this to: ionize do this: deflect What to calculate with two peaks of sample weighted average What does CO2 fragment into when ionizing, creating peaks at all of these on the chart C O CO CO2 Where do you find fragments LOST (not peaks on graph) in data booklet Page 27 What does Proton NMR show Chemical shift of hydrogen If proton lines up with magnetic field in NMR, it gets `a` spin state, if it goes against it, it shows `b` spin state a: alpha b: beta Which state in NMR is high energy beta Alpha `does alpha` energy, Beta `does beta` energy in NMR spin states does alpha: absorbs does beta: releases What reduces intensity of magnetic force on nucleus in NMR electron shielding What happens when radiation frequency matches proton Larmour frequency (in NMR) resonance What is the reference in NMR (creates peak at 0ppm) TMS Chemical environment (of hydrogen) same as what (in NMR) functional group When peaks are integrated on graph it is called `name` and it shows you `shape` in NMR name: integrated trace shape: stair step Two things created on NMR machine for the molecule magnetic field radio waves If Br, F, Cl, or I bonded to the CH2 what does it show on the formula booklet for NMR (page 26) CH2-Hal In what direction does ppm increase on the NMR graph left Where x and y are carbons and hydrogens, what is IHD (2x + 2 - y)/2 What adds to IHD (if not doing formula) rings double bonds If there is N what do you do to C and H both to solve for IHD add 1