What percent of blood is plasma 55 What are red blood cells called Erythrocytes What are white blood cells called Leukocytes Fragments of cell involved in clotting platelets How many molecules of oxygen can hemoglobin hold 4 Formation of solid clot from liquid blood coagulation `enzyme` is activated by stuff released by platelets, which makes `type` clot enzyme: thrombin type: fibrin What type of immunity do all animals have innate immunity What type of immunity do vertebrates have adaptive immunity What is it called where antibodies defend against pathogens humoral response Primary thing in barrier defense (innate), one that traps pathogens mucus skin Cellular innate defense is done by what phagocytes natural killer cells Innate proteins that stop viruses from replicating and help phagocytes interferons Thing that is released in inflammatory response to make capillaries more dilated so immune cells can go into tissue histamine What do macrophages release that activates immunes response cytokines Condition caused by overwhelming immune response septic shock What type of cell does secondary specific response lymphocytes Lymphocytes that mature in `place` above heart are called `letter` cells place: thymus letter: T Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow are called what letter B Things that get response from B and T cell antigen B cell has two of each of these things heavy chains light chains What 2 names are for things B cells release after antigen receptor binds to antigen antibody immunoglobin What are T-cell receptors alpha beta Tip of chains in B and T cells is `letter`, rest of it is `letter2` letter: V letter2: C `Molecule` in macrophages binds to antigens and brings them to the surface of the cell in `process` Molecule: MHC process: antigen presentation Short term B cells that fight current antigen plasma cells Long term cell that can bring immune response if this happens again memory cell First time immune system responds is what primary immune response When memory cells are present what happens secondary immune response Cell that binds to MHC and triggers response helper T cell MHC-1 binds to `letter1`, MHC-2 binds to `letter2` letter1: T letter2: B What does T cell do to cells with antibody trigger apoptosis with proteins Process of producing lots of identical B cells or T cells clonal selection Process where immune antibodies given to nonimmune animals (like sheep immune to venom given to person with snake bite) artifical passive immunization How long does primary immune response take to make antibodies 1 week What does HIV attack lymphocytes Smaller phages in blood stream neutrophils What do mast cells release histamine In retrovirus it has `a` which becomes `b` in host cell which goes into `c` a: rna b: dna c: host genome How are RNA viruses copied RNA polymerase What do retroviruses have DNA for enzyme reverse transcripase