What people from West Africa influenced Sub-Saharan Africa, East Africa, and language throughout Africa. Bantu Bantu societies were made of kin-based networks (made of `thing`) with `person` as head, villages were made up of multiple kin-based networks and their heads led the villages. thing: families person: chief Small villages became `thing` as they grew thing: kingdoms Ghana had (which made them very rich): salt gold Ghana was taken over by which empire? Mali Founder of Mali Sundiata Muslim that spread Islam throughout Africa from Mali (and lots of gold) Mansa Musa What place also got rich through gold in Africa? Zimbabwe Zimbabwe traded goods through `network` network: Indian Ocean Trade People in East Africa? Swahili Christian empire in `place`: `name` place: Ethiopia name: Axum American (especially Mesoamerica) societies take a lot of features from? Olmecs Mississippi built `structure`, largest named `name` structure: large mounds name: cahokia Mississippi society type? matrilineal Mississipi had `type` class structure, bottom is `group` type: rigid group: slaves Mayans lived in `structure`, kings were `thing`, good at `science` (because religion) structure: city-states thing: descended from gods science: astronomy Aztecs also known as? Mexica Aztecs had what in center of city Great Pyramid Aztecs enforced power through tribute Aztecs built gardens called (floated on water like their city, Tenochtitlan)? chinampas Aztecs high status? military Aztec leaders? priests Aztecs used what to differentiate status in public? clothes Women did what in Aztec society? weave cloth Incas kept power through? mandatory labor Incas did not allow what in economy? merchants Inca record system? Quipu Incan governors had what feature? blood with emperor Incans had `infrastructure`, `government tool` infrastructure: road network government tool: postal system Dar Al Islam empire? Abbasid Abbasid education area? House of Wisdom Achievements of scholars (greece, india, china, astronomy) greek classics indian math chinese paper planet movement Esteemed class in Islam society? merchant Slaves were not `religion type` in Islam (although there were slaves) religion type: monotheistic How many wives do men have in Islam? 4 Islam did what to non-Muslims? tax Women in Dar al Islam had `comparison` rights than other areas comparison: better Set of Laws in Islam Shariah Water was scarce in Islamic world, what was developed in response irrigation What economic system was developed by Dar al Islam for merchants checks Pillar 1 of Islam: There is no God but `god name`, and Muhammad is God's prophet. god name: Allah Pillar 2 of Islam: Pray `number` times a day facing `place` number: 5 place: Mecca Pillar 3 of Islam: Fast during `festival` (don't eat during daylight) festival: Ramadan Pillar 4 of Islam: `action` to the poor (if you have money) action: give money Pillar 4 of Islam: Make pilgrimage to `place` at least once in your life place: Mecca Which ethnicity (Mamluks) made up their armies? Turks What did the Turks do to lead to crusades? block religious sites When trade routes moved, `city` infrastructure fell apart city: Baghdad Caliphates started out `ethnicity1` but fell to Sultanates (`ethnicity2`) ethnicity1: Arab ethnicity2: Turk Later empires made possible by? mongol trade Song Dynasty replaced which dynasty? Tang What did Song Dynasty end by? mongols Anyone (poor or rich) could enter bureacracy through `exam` which was `system`, created to balance military & scholars exam: Civil Service Exam system: meritocracy How did the Civil Service Exam hurt bureacracy? pay too many people Civil Service Exam religion? Confucianism What increased China's agricultural productivity? champa rice irrigation fertilizer plows Where was Champa rice from? Vietnam `metal` was made by China using `material` they discovered metal: steel material: coal Chinese invent `explosive`, use for `type` warfare explosive: gunpowder type: Siege China experienced `industrialization kind` - Where rural people make more goods than their community needs industrialization kind: proto-industrialization `route` built by government made internal trade inexpensive route: Grand Canal The Song Dynasty accomplished infrastructure through `what` instead of forced labor (which put more money in circulation) what: salary with taxes To trade with China, rulers from other countries must first `1` (to acknowledge superiority), then `2` which have to `3` 1: bow down 2: give gifts 3: impress emperor Chinese social structure (top-to-bottom): `1`, `2`, `3` and `other 3`, `4` 1: aristocrats 2: scholar gentry 3: farmers other 3: artisans 4: merchants For status, upper-class women would do what? footbinding Which gender dominated in China (because of Confucian standards)? male Song Dynasty mass-produced books through `technology`, which increased `feature`. technology: woodblock printing feature: literacy Buddhism focuses on `four` and `eight` four: Four Noble Truths eight: Eight-fold path Tang reaction to Buddhism was `_`, while Song `__` Buddhism _: dislike __: accepted `thing`: Confucian respect to elders, trying to bring good name to ancestors thing: filial piety `type`/`type2` Buddhism: Very popular, Syncretic, combination of `religion` and Buddhism type: Zen type2: Chan religion: Daoism Chinese used special kilns to make `good`, desired all over the world for beauty & strength good: Porcelain The Chinese added whats to ships/navigation? rudder compass compartments Neo-Confucianism: Emphasized `thing` over God/nature thing: ethics Japanese society before China was `type`, aristocrats (daimyo) fought over land, everyone else is `job`, emperor has no power type: Feudalism job: Rice Farmer Japan accepted from China religion printing During Heian period, Japan accepted from China art writing politics Since Korea & China were near, they copied government religion writing Korean aristocracy prevented what Chinese system? civil service exam Vietnam accepted `academic thing` and `aesthetic thing` but still `action` with China academic thing: writing system aesthetic thing: architecture action: fought Vietnam had `type` central government, lived in `family type` families type: no family type: nuclear What lead to dark/middle ages? decline of rome Feudalism: king gives `thing` (`meaning`) to lords in exchange for `thing2`, lords give thing to `group` in exchange for them to be `thing3`, lords also gave thing to peasants, who `did` thing: fiefs meaning: land thing2: army group: vassals thing3: knights did: farmed land Large, self sufficient estate system? manorialism Peasants tied to the land, give crops they grow to the owner in exchange for land to farm, children also serve? serfdom German(ish) empire named `name`, ruled by `name2` which are `what`? name: holy roman empire name2: princes what: local lords French kings consulted estates-general, which led which groups? clergy nobility commoners Clergy and nobility outvoted which group, leading to revolt? commoners England document that requires trial before imprisonment (for nobles, but still revolutionary)? magna carta Parliament formed in England brought rights to? nobles Hundred years war between France & England led to? common nationality Monasteries did what (monasticism, people go to monastery and live life of poverty)? preserve learning Who led crusades? roman catholic church Crusades primary goal? reclaim holy land Crusades relation to primogeniture? get rid of younger sons Crusades relation to trade routes? no islam route System for crop rotation? three field system Whose visit to Middle East stimulated silk roads (in addition to crusades)? Marco Polo Trade brought bourgouise, meaning (e.x. shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople) middle class Jews could charge interest on loans, making them tax collectors, leading to them being? outcast Jews kicked out of West Europe, moved to? eastern europe During Renaissance, `type` languages replaced latin type: vernacular Gutenburg press during Renaissance brought? literacy What cultural feature during renaissance brought power to the governments from the church (focus on individual instead of god)? Humanism Russia had `type` christianity instead of Roman Catholicism, led them to be separate (in addition to Mongols) type: orthodox Black plague led to `thing` instead of serfdom because lack of peasants brought `thing2` for them thing: rent thing2: bargaining power Mongol lifestyle? pastoral nomads An advantage of being a pastoral nomad for warfare? no supply line Genghis Khan's name? Temujin Temujin's relationship with family (killed, father, mother)? killed stepbrother mother kidnapped father dislike When Temujin's father died, what happened? cast from tribe To gain power over other clans, what did he do? merit over family gifts Instead of releasing members of a clan he fought like most other clans, Temujin executed some, integrated the rest Genghis Khan means great leader Genghis Khan state building techniques law code written language message network safe trade distribute specialists By distributing specialists, the Khanate combined knowledge Pax Mongolica: safe trade tolerant religion efficient government The Khanate split up into (by 1260s): Changatai Khanate Yuan Dynasty Il Khanate Khanate of the Golden Horde The Changatai Khanate lived in mongol land What did the Golden Horde conquer (1230s)? Russia The Golden Horde worked by collecting tribute from existing rulers What city defeated the Golden Horde by collecting its own tribute (and improved military in process)? Moscow In Persia, Il Khanate worked by persian ministers under mongols Yuan Dynasty worked by mandate of heaven run government by mongols (1368) `society` society of `people` takes down Yuan Dynasty (because Mongol govt.) and creates Ming Dynasty society: white lotus people: confucian scholars The Mongols spread `what` from China to Europe? what: black plague What major city did the Mongols destroy? Baghdad What spread through the Silk Roads? disease ideas goods After collapse of Rome and Han dynasty, first silk road time over, but 700-800s Arabian traders from `place` revive Silk Roads place: Abbasid `group` made Silk Road a lot better by `method` group: Mongols method: safety Merchants traveled in `group type` on Silk Road to increase safety group type: caravan Cities on Silk Road that thrive with trade because in river, surrounded by desert Samarkand Kashgar Trade cities called `name` popped up every ~100 miles (Camel distance), very diverse & rich, lots of `thing` exchanged (in addition to goods) name: caravanserai thing: ideas China introduced `economic innovation` that improved trade over copper coins economic innovation: paper money European `thing` re-awakened European need for goods from other places (like silk), increased trade thing: crusades `large disease` came to Europe from China through Silk Road (during Mongols) large disease: black plague Major places Silk Road goes to? mediterranean india china Merchants created `place` along Silk Road place: buddhist monasteries Long-lasting impact of Silk Road? cultural diffusion One of North India's few states (~500AD)? Gupta South India old state Chola South India next state? Vijayanagara Vijayanagara religion (no transition)? Hinduism North India controlled by? Delhi Sultanate States formed after fall of Gupta? Rajput Kingdoms Delhi Sultanate stopped Mongols Delhi Sultanate replaced by? Mughals Arrival of Islam led which people to convert the most? Low caste What Indian system remained throughout its history through many different governments? Caste system Language the combine Hinduism and Islam? Urdu Southeast Asia influenced by South Asia Srivijaya Empire was in `place`, with religion `religion` place: Sumatra religion: Hinduism Khmer transitioned to which religion (from Hinduism, integrated)? Buddhism What brought Khmer prosperity? irrigation Thai (laos, cambodia too) kingdom? Sukhotai Sukhotai formed from which kingdom? Khmer Dynasty in Sri Lanka? Sinhala Sinhala religion (for the whole time), deeply part of? Buddhism Srivijaya died because? no trade Other trading empire in Indonesia (same fate as Srivijaya) Majapahit Srivijaya & Majapahit are thalassocracy, meaning? maritime power What animal was used to transfer goods across the Sahara? camel Who developed trading Camel Saddle (600+ pounds) Somalis Places where humans could live in the Sahara? oases What did the thousands of camels in caravans carry? water goods food What was on the Trans-Saharan trade routes that was also on the Silk Road? caravanseri What religion spread across the Trans-Saharan trade routes? Islam Ghanaian state replaced by? Mali Mansa Musa is known for `what` during his pilgrimage what: spreading islam What was traded on Trans-Saharan routes (like Silk Road)? luxury goods What Mali city became a center of Islam, learning and wealth? Timbuktu