Things necessary for natural selection Variation Inheritance Population limits Selection What evolves over time population Change in genetic traits over time evolution Change in allele frequencies over time (count number of allele, if two of allele in one organism count two of that) microevolution What causes allele frequency change natural selection genetic drift gene flow Process in which certain alleles are passed on more to following generation through natural selection (e.g. fruit flies DDT) differential success When something catastrophic happens by chance to small population what is it (not natural selection) genetic drift When few from one population becomes isolated from another and allele frequencies change founder effect When sudden environmental change causes significant reduction in population (making population vulnerable to further genetic drift) what is it called bottleneck effect Name an adaptation created by natural selection snake movable jaw Evolution where where natural selection increases frequency of favorable traits adaptive evolution Selection where appearance traits used sexual selection Differences between genders for selection sexual dimorphism Competition between individuals of one sex for mate intrasexual selection When one sex is choosy with the other intersexual selection Structures that originally played one role but gradually got a different role (like eyes from photosensitive cells) exaptations When one male to one female, species look the same monogamy When one male to multiple females, male is very fancy polygyny When one female to multiple males, female is very fancy polyandry Gene in voles that causes some not to mate ADH Adaptation of garter snakes on the coast taste for banana slugs Example of co-evolution has what two species garter snake toxic newt Example of natural selection finch size View that Animals get better and then pass their skills on LaMarck What did darwin call his evolution descent with modification Process where humans modify plants by breeding good ones artificial selection Similarity resulting from common ancestry Homology Homologous structure example mammal forelimb Structure that now serves no purpose vestigial structure Vestigial structure example snake legs Evolution of many diverse species from one ancestor (follows mass extinction, new land, new characteristic) adaptive radiation When multiple groups evolve to one thing what is it called convergent evolution What are common traits that evolved differently called analogous traits Evidence for shared ancestry comes from where fossils Study of geographic distribution of species, provides evidence for evolution biogeography Adaptive radiation happened for what after Dinosaurs had mass extinction mammals Example of evolution in response to Industrial revolution (trees changed color) peppered moth `Don't` `Kick` `Penguins` `Cuz` `Omar` `Finds` `Gussy` `Sussy` Don't: Domain Kick: Kingdom Penguins: Phylum Cuz: Class Omar: Order Finds: Family Gussy: Genus Sussy: Species `Person` made `type` classification where `a` first and `b` second Person: Linnaeus type: Binomial nomenclature a: Genus b: Species Ordered division and naming of organisms taxonomy Moss plants, nonvascular (old) Bryophytes Seedless vascular plants (ferns) filicinophytes Tissue in vascular plants where water and minerals go xylem Tissue in vascular plants where sugar go phloem Plant that have naked seeds (e.g. pollen & seed, pine cone), list phylum and genus gymnosperms coniferophyte Seed plants with flowers and fruits, latest angiosperms Sponges, oldest multicellular eukaryotes porifera Jellyfish (have tissues and body cavities) Cnidaria First tissues, flatworms platyhelminthes Segmented worms with mouth and anus annelida Hard shells with mouth and anus mollusca Insects Arthropoda Vertebrates phylum chordata Land vertebrates Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Types of mammals: `pouch`, `eggs`, `placenta` pouch: marsupials eggs: monotremes placenta: eutherians Property where species classified based on the way they evolved natural classification